The ghazal (Arabic / Pashto /
Malay/ Persian / Urdu: ﻏﺰﻝ ; Hindi:
ग़ज़ल, Punjabi: ਗ਼ਜ਼ਲ , Nepali: गजल ,
Turkish : gazel , Bengali : গ়জ়ল,
Gujarati: ગ઼ઝલ) is a poetic form
consisting of rhyming couplets
and a refrain , with each line
sharing the same meter. A
ghazal may be understood as a
poetic expression of both the
pain of loss or separation and the
beauty of love in spite of that
pain. The form is ancient,
originating in 6th-century Arabic
verse. It is derived from the
Arabian panegyric qasida . The
structural requirements of the
ghazal are similar in stringency to
those of the Petrarchan sonnet.
In style and content it is a genre
that has proved capable of an
extraordinary variety of
expression around its central
themes of love and separation. It
is one of the principal poetic
forms which the Indo-Perso-
Arabic civilization offered to the
eastern Islamic world.
The ghazal spread into South Asia
in the 12th century due to the
influence of Sufi mystics and the
courts of the new Islamic
Sultanate. Although the ghazal is
most prominently a form of Dari
poetry and Urdu poetry, today it
is found in the poetry of many
languages of the Indian sub-
continent.
Ghazals were written by the
Persian mystics and poets Rumi
(13th century) and Hafiz (14th
century), the Azeri poet Fuzûlî
(16th century), as well as Mirza
Ghalib (1797–1869) and
Muhammad Iqbal (1877–1938),
both of whom wrote ghazals in
Persian and Urdu, and the
Bengali poet Kazi Nazrul Islam
(1899-1976). Through the
influence of Johann Wolfgang von
Goethe (1749–1832), the ghazal
became very popular in Germany
during the 19th century; the
form was used extensively by
Friedrich Rückert (1788–1866)
and August von Platen (1796–
1835). The Indian American poet
Agha Shahid Ali was a proponent
of the form, both in English and
in other languages; he edited a
volume of "real ghazals in
English".
It is common in ghazals for the
poet's name to be featured in
the last verse (a convention
known as takhallus).
Pronunciation
The Arabic word ﻏﺰﻝ ġazal is
pronounced [ˈɣazal] , roughly like
the English word guzzle, but with
the ġ pronounced without a
complete closure between the
tongue and the soft palate . In
India, the name sounds exotic, as
the voiced velar fricative (ġ
sound) is not found in native
Indo-Aryan words. This phoneme
is often replaced by average
Indo-Aryan and Dravidian
speakers with the voiced velar
stop /g/ or the murmured velar
stop /gʰ/. In English, the word is
pronounced / ˈ ɡ ʌ zəl/ [1] or /
ˈ ɡæ zæ l/ .[2]
Malay/ Persian / Urdu: ﻏﺰﻝ ; Hindi:
ग़ज़ल, Punjabi: ਗ਼ਜ਼ਲ , Nepali: गजल ,
Turkish : gazel , Bengali : গ়জ়ল,
Gujarati: ગ઼ઝલ) is a poetic form
consisting of rhyming couplets
and a refrain , with each line
sharing the same meter. A
ghazal may be understood as a
poetic expression of both the
pain of loss or separation and the
beauty of love in spite of that
pain. The form is ancient,
originating in 6th-century Arabic
verse. It is derived from the
Arabian panegyric qasida . The
structural requirements of the
ghazal are similar in stringency to
those of the Petrarchan sonnet.
In style and content it is a genre
that has proved capable of an
extraordinary variety of
expression around its central
themes of love and separation. It
is one of the principal poetic
forms which the Indo-Perso-
Arabic civilization offered to the
eastern Islamic world.
The ghazal spread into South Asia
in the 12th century due to the
influence of Sufi mystics and the
courts of the new Islamic
Sultanate. Although the ghazal is
most prominently a form of Dari
poetry and Urdu poetry, today it
is found in the poetry of many
languages of the Indian sub-
continent.
Ghazals were written by the
Persian mystics and poets Rumi
(13th century) and Hafiz (14th
century), the Azeri poet Fuzûlî
(16th century), as well as Mirza
Ghalib (1797–1869) and
Muhammad Iqbal (1877–1938),
both of whom wrote ghazals in
Persian and Urdu, and the
Bengali poet Kazi Nazrul Islam
(1899-1976). Through the
influence of Johann Wolfgang von
Goethe (1749–1832), the ghazal
became very popular in Germany
during the 19th century; the
form was used extensively by
Friedrich Rückert (1788–1866)
and August von Platen (1796–
1835). The Indian American poet
Agha Shahid Ali was a proponent
of the form, both in English and
in other languages; he edited a
volume of "real ghazals in
English".
It is common in ghazals for the
poet's name to be featured in
the last verse (a convention
known as takhallus).
Pronunciation
The Arabic word ﻏﺰﻝ ġazal is
pronounced [ˈɣazal] , roughly like
the English word guzzle, but with
the ġ pronounced without a
complete closure between the
tongue and the soft palate . In
India, the name sounds exotic, as
the voiced velar fricative (ġ
sound) is not found in native
Indo-Aryan words. This phoneme
is often replaced by average
Indo-Aryan and Dravidian
speakers with the voiced velar
stop /g/ or the murmured velar
stop /gʰ/. In English, the word is
pronounced / ˈ ɡ ʌ zəl/ [1] or /
ˈ ɡæ zæ l/ .[2]
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